Kommentare

Abbr.

Denomination

Defintion

CROMs

Clinician-Reported Outcome measures

CROMs provide information on the patient's clincial state of health. CROMs are reported by clinical teams. More specifically, CROMs assess the patient's mortality, recovery, severity of symptoms, incapacity or disability linked to an illness or an operation, using functional tests or scores.

DIAB-Q

Diabetes Intention, Attitude, and Behavior Questionnaire

The DIAB-Q is a brief questionnaire to measure physical activity, dietary control, maintenance of a healthy weight, and psychological antecedents. It is a measure for intention to self-care in diabetes, with potential utility in identifying optimal type-2-diabetes management approaches that incorporated individual beliefs and preferences.

EQ-5D

European Quality of Life - Five Dimensions

The EQ-5D is a standardized measure of health-related quality of life, based on a generic questionnaire (i.e., not specific to a patient group or health condition) that patients can also complete themselves. The EQ-5D assesses health status in terms of five dimensions of health: a) mobility, b) personal autonomy, c) daily activities, d) pain and discomfort, and e) anxiety and depression.

HHS

Harris Hip Score

The HHS is a tool for assessing hip joint pain. It covers four areas: a) pain, b) function, c) mobility, d) absence of deformity. It is recorded partly by patients and partly by a qualified healthcare professional.

HOOS

Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

HOOS is a specific PROM for assessing hip joint disorders. The score is based on a long questionnaire (40 questions) covering 5 areas: a) symptoms and stiffness, b) pain, c) functional results in daily life, d) sports and leisure activities, e) quality of life.

HOOS-PS

Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score – Physical Function Shortform

HOOS-PS is a short version of HOOS, a PROM specifically for assessing hip joint disorders. The score is based on a 5-question questionnaire covering 2 areas: a) functional results in daily life, b) sports and leisure activities.

HRQol

Health Related Quality of Life

Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a multidimensional concept integrating the various assessable aspects of the patient's life that can affect physical and mental health; it includes perceptions of physical and mental health and its corollaries, including risks and co-morbidities, functional status, social support and socio-economic conditions.

ICHOM

International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement

ICHOM is an international not-for-profit organization that develops standardized sets of PROMs for various diseases.

IQM

Initiative Qualitätsmedizin

An initiative launched by hospitals and hospital groups in 2008 to improve the quality of diagnosis and patient care through outcome measurement, public reporting, and continuous improvement measures. Today, more than 250 hospitals in Germany and Switzerland are involved in this initiative.

IQWiG

Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen

IQWIG is an independent German institute set up in 2004 to support the "Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss" (G-BA) by formulating scientific recommendations and carrying out assessments of benefits and cost-effectiveness. The G-BA is the supreme decision-making body for the joint self-management of the German healthcare system and is made up of all the players in the healthcare system. Among other things, it is responsible for determining which services are covered by health insurance and for ensuring that patients are treated according to the current state of medical knowledge and expertise.

KOOS

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score

KOOS assesses the functional status and quality of life of patients with any type of knee injury who are at increased risk of developing osteoarthritis. The score is based on a long questionnaire (42 questions) covering 5 areas: a) symptoms and stiffness, b) pain, c) functional results in daily life, d) sports and leisure activities, e) quality of life.

KOOS-PS

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score – Physical function Shortform

KOOS-PS is a short version of KOOS, a PROM that assesses the functional status and quality of life of patients with any type of knee injury who are at increased risk of developing osteoarthritis. The score is based on a 7-question questionnaire covering 2 areas: a) functional results in daily life; b) sports and leisure activities.

KSS

Knee Society Score

The KSS is a score used to detect and assess the impact of various pathologies affecting the knee joint. It is made up of an "objective" score, based on the doctor's assessment, and a "subjective" score, completed by the patient (for this part, the KSS is therefore a PROM). It is made up of 5 areas: a) demographic data, b) objective knee score (completed by the surgeon), c) patient expectations (completed by the patient), d) patient satisfaction score (idem), e) functional knee score (idem).

MCID

Minimal Clinical Important Difference

The MCID is a threshold to help interpret PROM scores. More specifically, the MCID is used to interpret changes in a PROM score between two measurement points, for example before and after an intervention. The MCID is the smallest difference that the patient considers important. So, if the difference between the PROMs scores before and after an intervention reaches this MCID threshold, we can say that the intervention has led to a minimum improvement in the patient's state of health.

mHHS

modified Harris Hip Score

The mHHS is based on a questionnaire that focuses mainly on the patient's pain and functional status. Unlike the HHS, it does not include a clinical assessment by a healthcare professional and is therefore a pure PROM.

OHS

Oxford Hip Score

The OHS is used to assess pain in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty, as well as hip function in relation to activities of daily living such as walking, dressing and sleep disturbance. It consists of 12 questions.

OKS

Oxford Knee Score

The OKS specifically measures knee pain and function in relation to activities of daily living in patients who have undergone total knee arthroplasty. It consists of 12 questions.

PAID

Problem Areas In Diabetes questionnaire

PAID is a PROM survey to gain insight into the breadth of emotional responses to living with diabetes. It has 20 Items covering cover treatment-related issues (3 items), food-related problems (3 items), social support-related problems (2 items), and diabetes-mellitus related emotional distress (12 items). The scores are on a 5-point Likert scale from 0 (not a problem) to 4 (serious problem).

PAID-5

Problem Areas in Diabetes questionnaire - 5 items

The PAID-5 is a PROM survey to measure diabetes-related emotional distress. The PAID-5 is a short version of the PAID: it comprises only five of the emotional-distress questions of the full PAID survey.

PaRIS

Patient-Reported Indicators Survey

PaRIS is an international study initiated by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Its aim is to develop and implement tools to measure outcomes and experiences of care as reported by patients (PROMs and PREMs). The survey targets people aged 45 and over suffering from one or more chronic diseases and managed by primary care physicians.

PASS

Patient Acceptable Symptom State

The PASS is a threshold to help interpret PROMs scores. More specifically, the PASS is used to interpret PROMS scores after an intervention. The PASS represents the level of symptoms below which the patient considers his or her state of health to be acceptable. Thus, if the patient's PROM score after the operation is higher than the PASS, we can say that the patient is doing well after the operation.

PHQ-9

Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 items

The Patient Health Questionnaire is a screening tool for major depression. The PHQ-9 consists of nine questions that specifically target depression symptoms.

PREMs

Patient-Reported Experience Measures

PREMs are a tool for evaluating healthcare experiences from the patient's point of view. PREMS look at how patients experience care in terms of waiting time, access to care, involvement in decision-making and the quality of communication.

PRO

Patient Reported Outcome

A health outcome reported directly by the patient.

PROMs

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures

PROMs are a tool for assessing health outcomes from the patient's perspective. PROMS look at the impact of illness on a patient's quality of life and functional capacity. At a given point in time, they measure the effect of an illness on the patient's state of health and functional capacity. By collecting, monitoring and comparing PROMs before, during and after treatment, the impact of an intervention on the patient's state of health can be assessed from the patient's point of view.

PROMIS

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System

PROMIS is a set of person-centered measures for assessing and monitoring the physical, mental, and social health of adults and children. It can be used with the general population and people with chronic illnesses.

PROMIS Global-10

Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global – short form

The PROMIS Global-10 is part of the PROMIS system. It is an indicator of general quality of life related to healthcare. It is designed to be a 'baseline' assessment of a patient's health and can be used for a wide variety of conditions.

SCB

Substantial Clinical Benefit

The SCB is a threshold to help interpret PROM scores. More specifically, the SCB is used to interpret changes in a PROM score between two measurement points, for example before and after an intervention. The SCB corresponds to the improvement that the patient considers to be very important. So, if the difference between the PROM scores before and after an intervention reaches this SCB threshold, we can say that the intervention has led to an optimal improvement in the patient's state of health.

SDM

Shared Decision Making

Shared decision-making is a process in which clinicians and other healthcare professionals, as well as patients, work together to select tests, treatments, or procedures based on clinical evidence and the patient's informed preferences.

SF-12

Short Form-12

The SF-12 is used to assess health-related quality of life. It covers 8 health domains: a) physical activity, b) life and relationships with others, c) physical pain, d) perceived health, e) vitality, f) limitations due to mental state, g) limitations due to physical state, h) mental health.

SIRIS

Swiss National Joint Registry, Hip and Knee

The SIRIS Hip and Knee Implant Register records all hip and knee implant operations (total and partial), as well as revision operations, in Swiss hospitals and clinics. For all operations, data is collected at two points in time: at the time of the operation and fitting of the prosthesis, and one year after the operation at the follow-up consultation. Only data from patients who have given their written consent for their data to be processed electronically in the SIRIS register are entered.

THA/THR

Total Hip Arthroplasty/Total Hip Replacement

The aim of total hip surgery is to replace damaged bone and cartilage in the joint with components that are biocompatible with the human body, made of metal, polyethylene (a plastic material) or ceramic.

VAS-pain

Visual Analogue Scale-pain

The VAS-pain is a visual pain assessment scale. It is often used in epidemiological and clinical research to measure the intensity or frequency of various symptoms.

VBHC

Value-Based HealthCare

VBHC is a patient-centered approach to healthcare delivery. It aims to improve the health outcomes that matter most to patients throughout their care pathway, while optimizing healthcare resources and the cost to society.

VR-12

Veterans RAND 12 Item health survey

The VR-12 is a generic, multi-purpose, self-administered, and relatively short (12 questions) PROM. It is mainly used to measure health-related quality of life, estimate the burden of disease, and assess disease-specific reference points in relation to other populations. It covers 7 main domains of physical and mental health: a) general perception of health, b) physical functioning, c) role limitations due to physical and emotional problems, d) bodily pain, e) energy and fatigue, f) social functioning, g) mental health. The 12 questions are summarized in two scores, one relating to mental health, the other to physical health.

WOMAC

Western Ontario And Mcmaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index

The WOMAC is a PROM used to assess the impact of hip and knee arthrosis. It consists of 24 questions covering 3 areas: a) pain, b) stiffness, c) functional capacity.



Capitation - population based-payment

Capitation consists of allocating a sum to a doctor who, in return, undertakes to treat all the inhabitants of a region or specific categories of patients.



Financial risk-based contract

The financial risk contract provides for full or partial reimbursement to the purchaser (health insurer or healthcare provider) if certain predetermined financial results are not achieved (for example, treating a patient at a lower cost than a competing therapy). This model is applicable to drug pricing.



Health outcomes-based contract

The health outcome-based contract offers full or partial reimbursement to purchasers (insurers, national health system, care providers, etc.) if the patient does not respond to treatment or does not achieve a targeted health outcome. This model is applicable to drug pricing.



Subscription or Netflix model

The subscription model (Netflix model) allows purchasers to pay a fixed amount for unlimited patient access to specific products for a set period. This model is applicable to drug pricing.



Mortage model

The mortgage model for drug purchases allows buyers to spread the cost of an expensive therapy over a period, rather than demanding full payment up front. This reduces the element of surprise associated with high-priced products and makes them more affordable for patients. This model is applicable to drug pricing.



Value-based pricing (drugs)

Value-based pricing sets prices according to the benefits of a product for healthcare systems and patients compared to other treatments available for the same condition.



Indication-specific pricing

The indication-specific pricing model bases the price of a product on the indication or therapeutic area for which it is prescribed. This model allows a drug to be paid more when it is highly effective in treating a disease, but less for indications where the drug is less effective. This model is used for products approved to treat more than one type of disease.



Volume-based pricing

The volume pricing model sets prices according to volume, which are still useful when large quantities of medicines are needed (e.g. preventive therapies such as flu vaccines). This model is used to set drug prices.



Quality contracts (Germany)

The 2016 German law on the reform of the structure of hospital care provides for the conclusion of exclusive quality contracts between health insurance providers and hospitals. The aim is to test new remuneration models to improve the quality of hospital care.



Value-based payment (healthcare service)

In the value-based healthcare model, providers of products and services are remunerated based on patient outcomes and health, rather than the quantity of treatments delivered.



Bundled payment

Bundled payments focus on specific illnesses or categories of illness, rather than on an entire population or given groups. Payment is made for all cycles of care and treatment (bundles) and includes all the services provided by the healthcare professionals involved. Bundled payments for healthcare refer to payment models in which several services related to a condition or intervention are grouped together for payment. They bundle activities into a single tariff that goes beyond simple DRGs or fee-for-service payments. They aim to encourage cost savings, care coordination and quality improvements for acute care episodes and chronic disease care.



Add-on payment

Add-on payment are used to encourage improvements in the performance of healthcare systems in a range of areas, including care coordination, improving the quality of care and strengthening chronic disease management. These additional payments are intended to complement the existing payment model, but not to replace it. The payments are linked to specific expectations of care providers. There are two main types of top-up payments: i) add-on payments used to encourage better coordination of healthcare activities between providers; ii) add-on payments aimed at improving quality and efficiency, where bonuses are linked to the achievement of predefined targets.



Generic PROMs

Generic PROMs measure the patient's overall quality of life, independently of their illness.



Specific PROMs

Specific PROMs measure the impact of an illness or intervention on a patient's quality of life and functional capacity.